ABSTRACT
Cancer immunotherapy refers to the therapeutic effect of controlling or eliminating tumor cells by interfering with the immune system to restore the anti-tumor immune response. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy that blocks programmed death -1/programmed cell death ligand-1/cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 is one of the most commonly used tumor immunotherapies, with good efficacy and wide application. These drugs cause immune-related ocular complications such as uveitis, autoimmune retinopathy, and scleritis, which represent a new etiology of ocular inflammation. The ophthalmologist's grasp of the clinical characteristics of these diseases is helpful for timely diagnosis. At the same time, the ophthalmologist will work closely with the oncologist to make a comprehensive judgment based on the patient's primary tumor, survival prognosis, severity of adverse reactions related to ocular immunotherapy, and visual prognosis, and develop suitable therapeutic strategie, thereby saving the patients' vision and improving the quality of life.
ABSTRACT
Objective To compare the effects of oxygen therapy and local pressurization in alleviating plateau hypoxia at high altitude.Methods Forty-five healthy male soldiers were investigated at an altitude of 3992 meters.The subjects were randomly divided into three groups, ie.an oxygen inhalation group, a single-soldier oxygen increasing respirator (SOIR) group and a BiPAP group.The oxygen inhalation group was treated with oxygen inhalation via nasal catheter at 2 L/min.SOIR was used to assist breath in the SOIR group.The BiPAP group were treated with bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation, with IPAP of 10 cm H20 and EPAP of 4 cm H2O.PaO2、PaCO2、SpO2 and heart rate were measured before and 30 minutes after the treatment.Results There were continuous increase of PaO2 from (53.30±4.88) mm Hg to (58.58±5.05) mm Hg and (54.43±3.01) mm Hg to (91.36±10.99) mm Hg after BiPAP ventilation and oxygen inhalation, respectively (both P < 0.01).However, the PaO2、of the SOIR group was decreased from (56.00±5.75) mm Hg to (50.82±5.40) mm Hg (P < 0.05).In the other hand, the PaCO2、 was increased from (30.41±1.51) mm Hg to (32.5±2.98) mm Hg in the oxygen inhalation group (P< 0.05), declined from (28.74±2.91) mm Hg to (25.82±4.35) mm Hg in the BiPAP group (P < 0.05), and didn't change significantly from (28.65±2.78)mm Hg to (29.75±3.89) nun Hg in the SOIR group (P > 0.05).Conclusions Both BiPAP ventilation and oxygen inhalation can alleviate plateau hypoxia by improving PaO2 at 3992 meter altitude while SOIR has no significant effect.